ABSTRACT. Drying is an important step in the post-harvest processes as a way of product conservation and quality preservation. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of continuous and intermittent drying of maize grains with different rest periods on the integrity of their micro- and macroscopic structures. Maize grains were harvested with a moisture content of 0.3399 ± 0.001 dry basis (db) and subjected to continuous and intermittent drying with 4, 8, 12, and 16 hours of rest period. An experimental fixed-bed dryer, with controlled drying air conditions at a temperature of 100 °C and air flow of 1.5 m3 min.−1 m−2 (12 m3 min.−1 m−3), was used. Continuous drying was completed with a moisture content of 0.1628 ± 0.0003 db, whereas intermittent drying was interrupted with 0.2195 ± 0.0002 db and resumed after rest. The drying rate, integrity through grain images, the conformation of particles through scanning electron microscopy, and cell membrane integrity were evaluated. The drying rate increased with an increase in the rest period, the increase in rest period reduced the intensity of cracks, and the reduction in rest period led to higher dispersion and reduction in the size of starch granules and lower integrity of cell membranes.

RESUMO O trigo mourisco tem se destacado na cadeia alimentícia por não possuir glúten em sua farinha. Por ser uma cultura relativamente nova no meio agrícola, faltam informações referentes ao seu processamento, dentre as etapas pós-colheita a secagem é uma das mais importantes. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever o processo de secagem de grãos de trigo mourisco. Os grãos foram colhidos com teor de água de 0.41 ± 0.01 (b.s.) e submetidos a secagem em secador experimental nas temperaturas de 40, 50, 60, 70 e 80 °C, e velocidade do ar de 0.8 m s-1. Determinou-se a taxa de secagem e ajustou-se aos dados experimentais modelos matemáticos frequentemente utilizados para a descrição da secagem de diversos produtos agrícolas. A seleção dos modelos foi baseada no método de regressão não linear de Gauss-Newton e complementada pelo Critério de Informação de Akaike e Critério de Informação Bayesiano de Schwarz’s. Conclui-se que, a taxa de redução da água foi maior para maiores temperaturas e diminuiu com o aumento do tempo de secagem; o modelo de Midilli é recomendado para representar a cinética de secagem dos grãos nas temperaturas de 40, 60 e 70 ºC; para a temperaturas de 50 e 80 ºC recomenda-se o modelo de aproximação da difusão; os coeficientes de difusão efetivo apresentaram magnitude de 1.8990 a 17. 8831 × 10-11 m2 s-1 e; a energia de ativação requerida para iniciar o processo de secagem foi de 49.75 kJ mol-1.

ABSTRACT Buckwheat has become important in the food sector as its flour does not contain gluten. Since buckwheat is a relatively new crop in the agricultural environment, there is little information available regarding its processing. Drying is one of the most important post-harvest stages of buckwheat. The aim of the present study was to describe the drying process of buckwheat grains. Buckwheat grains with a moisture content of 0.41 ± 0.01 (dry basis, d.b.) were harvested, followed by drying in an experimental dryer at the temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 °C, at an air speed of 0.8 m s-1. The drying rate was determined, and the mathematical models generally employed to describe the drying process of several agricultural products were fitted to the experimentally obtained data. Model selection was based on the Gauss-Newton non-linear regression method and was complemented by Akaike Information Criterion and Schwarz’s Bayesian Information Criterion. It was concluded that the drying rate increased with an increase in temperature and decreased with an increase in drying time. It is recommended to use the Midilli model to represent the drying kinetics of buckwheat grains at the temperatures of 40, 60, and 70 °C, while the Approximation of diffusion model is recommended for the temperatures of 50 and 80 °C. The magnitudes of effective diffusion coefficients ranged from 1.8990 × 10-11 m2 s-1 to 17.8831 × 10-11 m2 s-1. The activation energy required to initiate the drying process was determined to be 49.75 kJ mol-1.

ABSTRACT. With the depletion of fossil fuel resources accelerating the search for renewable energy sources, studies on agricultural products containing a significant amount of oil in their compositions have intensified. The objective of this work was to investigate the fatty acid profile and the physiological quality of the oil extracted from niger seeds dried at different temperatures. The seeds were dried at 40, 50, 60, and 70°C, until their moisture content reached 8.5 ± 1% (wet basis). The physiological properties of niger seeds were determined by assessing their germination, germination speed index, mean germination time, cold test, accelerated aging with a saturated solution, emergence percentage, and emergence speed index. The quality of the oil was evaluated using gas chromatography, based on the fatty acid profile. We concluded that drying air temperatures of 40 and 50°C did not compromise the physiological quality of niger seeds. However, the 70°C drying temperature seriously impaired seed quality. The drying temperatures that were used in this study did not substantially alter the fatty acid profile of niger oil.

Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial fisiológico de sementes de soja provenientes de duas épocas de semeaduras, em diferentes estádios de maturidade, submetidas a diferentes temperaturas de secagem. As sementes foram colhidas nos estádios de maturação R7, R7 + 2, R7 + 3, R7 + 5, R7 + 6, R7 + 7, R7 + 10 e R7 + 12 dias (55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25 e 20% de teor de água). Para cada estádio, houve a separação das sementes em três partes, sendo uma diretamente submetida à avaliação do potencial fisiológico, e as outras secas a 40 °C e 50 °C, até atingirem o teor de água de 11,5%. O potencial fisiológico foi avaliado pela germinação, primeira contagem, envelhecimento acelerado, frio modificado, condutividade elétrica e emergência. O máximo potencial fisiológico é alcançado com 55% de teor de água, momento onde o acúmulo de massa seca é máximo. As sementes tornam-se tolerantes à dessecação próximo ao estádio R7 + 7 dias (30% de teor de água). Germinação e vigor das sementes de soja reduzem com o aumento da temperatura de secagem de 40 °C para 50 °C, sendo o efeito potencializado quando os teores de água estão acima de 30%.

Abstract: This study evaluated the physiological potential of soybean seeds harvested during two seasons, on different maturation stages and subjected to different drying temperatures. The seeds were harvested at the maturations stages R7, R7 + 2, R7 + 3, R7 + 5, R7 + 6, R7 + 7, R7 + 10 and R7 + 12 days (55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, and 20% of moisture content). For each maturation stage, seeds were divided into three samples: one sample was used to directly evaluate the physiological potential, and the others were dried at 40 °C and 50 °C, until reaching the moisture content of 11.5%. The physiological potential was evaluated through germination test, first germination count of germination, accelerated aging, modified cold, electrical conductivity and seedling emergence. The maximum physiological potential of seeds is achieved at the moisture content of 55%, the point that the dry matter is maximum. The seeds became tolerant to artificial drying approximately at the stage R7 + 7 days (30% of moisture content). Germination and vigor of the soybean seeds reduce as the drying temperature is increased from 40 °C to 50 °C, and this effect is enhanced when the seeds show moisture contents above 30%.

RESUMO Este trabalho teve por objetivo ajustar modelos matemáticos aos dados experimentais da secagem dos frutos de amendoim em camada delgada, submetidos a diferentes temperaturas do ar de secagem. Foram utilizados frutos de amendoim da cultivar IAC 505. Os frutos de amendoim foram submetidos à secagem em estufa de ventilação forçada com diferentes níveis de temperatura (40; 50; 60 e 70 ºC). Aos dados experimentais foram ajustados dez modelos matemáticos tradicionalmente utilizados para representação da cinética de secagem em camada delgada. Baseado nos resultados encontrados, conclui-se que dentre os modelos ajustados aos dados experimentais, o modelo de Page foi o escolhido para representar o fenômeno de secagem em camada delgada dos frutos de amendoim. O coeficiente de difusão efetivo aumenta com a elevação da temperatura, e a sua relação com a temperatura de secagem pode ser descrita pela equação de Arrhenius. As propriedades termodinâmicas entalpia e entropia tiveram seus valores reduzidos com aumento da temperatura do ar de secagem, enquanto que os valores da energia livre de Gibbs aumentam com o aumento da temperatura.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to fit mathematical models to the experimental data from the thin-layer drying of peanut fruit subjected to different drying-air temperatures. Peanut fruit from the IAC 505 cultivar were used. The peanut fruit were subjected to drying in a forced ventilation oven at different temperature levels (40, 50, 60 and 70 ºC). Ten mathematical models, traditionally used to represent the kinetics of thin-layer drying, were fit to the experimental data. Based on the results, it can be concluded that among the models adjusted to the experimental data, the Page model was chosen to represent the phenomenon of thin-layer drying in peanut fruit. The effective diffusion coefficient increases with the rise in temperature, and its relation to the drying temperature can be described by the Arrhenius equation. The values for the thermodynamic properties, enthalpy and entropy, were reduced with the increasing temperature of the drying air, while the values for Gibbs free energy increased with the increase in temperature.

Resumo: A secagem de sementes permite reduzir o teor de água a níveis adequados para o armazenamento. Porém, cuidados com as temperaturas aplicadas no processo são necessários para evitar danos às sementes submetidas à secagem. O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes temperaturas de secagem e do armazenamento sobre o crescimento de plântulas de soja. As sementes foram colhidas com aproximadamente 23% de teor de água, e submetidas a diferentes temperaturas de secagem (40, 50, 60, 70 e 80 °C) até atingirem 12,5 ± 0,7% (b.u.), sendo posteriormente armazenadas, em ambiente não controlado, durante 180 dias. A cada 45 dias foi realizado o teste de germinação e as avaliações referentes ao desempenho de plântulas, determinando-se os comprimentos total, do hipocótilo e da raiz, e ainda verificando suas respectivas massas de matéria seca. Com base nos resultados pôde-se concluir que: a) o aumento da temperatura do ar de secagem afeta a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, sendo esse efeito potencializado com o tempo de armazenamento, principalmente sobre o comprimento da raiz; b) a temperatura do ar de 40 °C pode ser recomendada para a secagem de sementes de soja, sendo associada ao período de armazenamento de 180 dias em condições não controladas.

Abstract: Drying of seeds reduces their moisture content to levels appropriate for storage. However, care in the temperatures applied in the process is necessary to avoid damage to the seeds that are dried. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different drying temperatures and storage on the growth of soybean seedlings. Harvested with a moisture content of approximately 23% (w.b.), the seeds were dried at different temperatures (40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 °C) until reaching moisture content of 12.5 ± 0.7% (w.b.), and they were subsequently stored for 180 days in an environment without climate control. A germination test and evaluations of seedling performance were carried out every 45 days, determining the full length of the seedling and hypocotyl and root lengths, along with their respective dry matter weights. The results showed that: a) the increase in the temperature of drying air affects the physiological quality of soybean seeds, and this effect is accentuated over time, especially on root length; and b) the air temperature of 40 °C can be recommended for drying of soybean seeds in association with the storage time of 180 days under storage conditions without climate control.

RESUMO A secagem de produtos agrícolas reduz o teor de água a níveis adequados para o armazenamento, visando à manutenção da qualidade do produto. Porém, cuidados especiais com as temperaturas aplicadas no processo são importantes para a integridade e longevidade do material. Objetivou-se determinar o efeito imediato e latente de temperaturas do ar de secagem sobre a qualidade de soja produzida em segunda safra. Os grãos foram colhidos no estádio R8, próximo à maturidade fisiológica, com teor de água de, aproximadamente, 23 % (b.u.), e foram submetidos a temperaturas de secagem de 40 ºC, 50 ºC, 60 ºC, 70 ºC e 80 ºC, até o teor de água de 12,5 ± 0,7 % (b.u.), sendo, posteriormente, armazenados em ambiente com condições de temperatura e umidade não controladas, durante 180 dias. A cada 45 dias subsequentes, a qualidade foi avaliada por meio de determinação da perda de matéria seca, coloração e teores de proteína bruta e de lipídios e pelos índices de acidez e de peróxido do óleo bruto extraído. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o aumento da temperatura do ar de secagem influencia na qualidade da soja e do óleo bruto extraído, sendo esse efeito potencializado com o tempo de armazenamento; a qualidade da soja e do óleo bruto se reduzem conforme o incremento na temperatura do ar de secagem e no tempo de armazenamento; a temperatura do ar de 40 ºC é a que menos afeta a qualidade dos grãos de soja e do óleo bruto extraído.

ABSTRACT Drying agricultural products reduces the moisture content to suitable levels for storage, in order to maintain the product quality. However, special care with the temperatures applied in the process is important for the integrity and longevity of the material. The present study aimed at determining the immediate and latent effect of air-drying temperatures on the quality of soybean produced as a second season crop. The grains were collected at the R8 stage, close to the physiological maturity, with moisture content of approximately 23 % (w.b.), submitted to drying temperatures of 40 ºC, 50 ºC, 60 ºC, 70 ºC and 80 ºC, up to a moisture content of 12.5 ± 0.7 % (w.b.), and then stored under non-controlled humidity and temperature for 180 days. Thereafter, quality was assessed every 45 days by determining the dry matter loss, color and crude protein and lipid contents, as well as the acidity and peroxide indices of the crude oil extracted. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the increase in the air-drying temperature affects the soybean quality and crude oil extracted, being this effect enhanced with the storage time; the soybean and crude oil quality decline with an increase in the air-drying temperature and storage time; the air temperature of 40 ºC has the least effect on the quality of soybean grains and crude oil extracted.